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Aquatic toxicity of manufactured nanomaterials: challenges and recommendations for future toxicity testing

机译：人造纳米材料的水生毒性：未来毒性测试的挑战和建议

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 Aquatic nanotoxicologists and ecotoxicologists have begun to identify the unique properties of the nanomaterials (NMs) that potentially affect the health of wildlife. In this review the scientific aims are to discuss the main challenges nanotoxicologists currently face in aquatic toxicity testing, including the transformations of NMs in aquatic test media (dissolution, aggregation and small molecule interactions), and modes of NM interference (optical interference, adsorption to assay components and generation of reactive oxygen species) on common toxicity assays. Three of the major OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) priority materials, titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver (Ag) NMs, studied recently by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the Business Development Bank of Canada (BDC) Nanotechnology Initiative (NNBNI), a Canadian consortium, have been identified to cause both bulk effect, dissolution-based (i.e. free metal), or NM-specific toxicity in aquatic organisms. TiO2 NMs are most toxic to algae, with toxicity being NM size-dependent and principally associated with binding of the materials to the organism. Conversely, dissolution of Zn and Ag NMs and the subsequent release of their ionic metal counterparts appear to represent the primary mode of toxicity to aquatic organisms for these NMs. In recent years, our understanding of the toxicological properties of these specific OECD relevant materials has increased significantly. Specifically, researchers have begun to alter their experimental design to identify the different behaviour of these materials as colloids and, by introducing appropriate controls and NM characterisation, aquatic nanotoxicologists are now beginning to possess a clearer understanding of the chemical and physical properties of these materials in solution, and how these materials may interact with organisms. Arming nanotoxicologists with this understanding, combined with knowledge of the physics, chemistry and biology of these materials is essential for maintaining the accuracy of all future toxicological assessments.
机译：水生纳米毒理学家和生态毒理学家已经开始确定可能影响野生生物健康的纳米材料（NMs）的独特特性。在这篇综述中，科学目的是讨论纳米毒理学家目前在水生毒性测试中面临的主要挑战，包括水生测试介质中NM的转化（溶解，聚集和小分子相互作用），以及NM干扰的方式（光学干扰，吸附测定成分和活性氧的生成）。加拿大自然科学和工程研究委员会（NSERC）最近研究了三种主要的OECD（经济合作与发展组织）优先材料，即二氧化钛（TiO2），氧化锌（ZnO）和银（Ag）NMs。 ），加拿大国家研究委员会（NRC）和加拿大商业发展银行（BDC）纳米技术计划（NNBNI）（加拿大的一个财团）已被确定会引起整体效应，溶出度（即游离金属）或NM对水生生物有特异性毒性。 TiO2 NMs对藻类最具毒性，其毒性取决于NM大小，并且主要与材料与生物体的结合有关。相反，Zn和Ag NMs的溶解以及随后释放的离子金属对应物似乎代表了这些NMs对水生生物毒性的主要模式。近年来，我们对这些特定的OECD相关材料的毒理学特性的了解已大大增加。具体来说，研究人员已开始改变其实验设计，以识别这些材料作为胶体的不同行为，并且通过引入适当的控制和NM表征，水生纳米毒理学家现在开始对这些材料的化学和物理特性有了更清晰的了解。解决方案，以及这些材料如何与生物相互作用。使纳米毒理学家具备这种理解，并结合这些材料的物理，化学和生物学知识，对于保持所有未来毒理学评估的准确性至关重要。

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